Ararat Leran Masin Texekutyun
Main article: Stone tools from 325,000 years ago have been found in Armenia which indicate the presence of early humans at this time. In the 1960s excavations in the Yerevan 1 Cave uncovered evidence of ancient human habitation, including the remains of a 48,000-year-old heart, and a human cranial fragment and tooth of a similar age.
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[ ] The shows traces of settlement from the era. Archaeological surveys in 2010 and 2011 have resulted in the discovery of the world's earliest known leather shoe (3,500 BC), straw skirt (3,900 BC), and wine-making facility (4,000 BC) at the.
Pastoral installation program. Kingdom of Ararat (Urartu) in the time of, 743 BC The flourished between the 9th century BC and 585 BC in the. The founder of the Urartian Kingdom,, united all the principalities of the Armenian Highland and gave himself the title 'King of Kings', the traditional title of Urartian Kings. The Urartians established their sovereignty over all of. The main rival of Urartu was the. During the reign of (834–828 BC), Urartu had become a strong and organized state, and imposed taxes to neighbouring tribes.
Sarduri made (modern ) the capital of Urartu. His son,, extended the borders of the state by conquering what would later be known as the area and by reaching. (810–785 BC) extended the Urartian territory up north, by spreading towards the Araratian fields.
He left more than 90 inscriptions by using the Mesopotamian scriptures in the. Conquered from the Hittites, [ ] and reached, [ ].
[ ] He built the, located in modern-day, in 782 BC by using 6600 prisoners of war. [ ] In 714 BC, the under defeated the Urartian King at and destroyed the holy Urartian temple at. At the same time, an tribe called the attacked from the north-west region and destroyed the rest of his armies. Under (669–627 BC) the boundaries of the reached as far as Armenia and the Caucasus Mountains. The under invaded Assyria later on in 612 BC, and then took over the Urartian capital of towards 585 BC, effectively ending the sovereignty of Urartu. According to the Armenian tradition, the Medes helped the Armenians establish the dynasty.
[ ] Antiquity [ ] Orontid dynasty [ ]. The at its greatest extent under. After the destruction of the, a Hellenistic Armenian state was founded in 190 BC. It was a successor state of 's short-lived empire, with Artaxias becoming its first king and the founder of the Artaxiad dynasty (190 BC–AD 1). At the same time, a western portion of the kingdom split as a separate state under Zariadris, which became known as while the main kingdom acquired the name of.
The new kings began a program of expansion which was to reach its zenith a century later. Their acquisitions are summarized by Strabo. Zariadris acquired and the 'country around the Antitaurus', possibly the district of Muzur or west of the. Artaxias took lands from the Medes, Iberians, and Syrians. He then had confrontations with, Seleucid Syria and Cappadocia, and was included in the treaty which followed the victory of a group of Anatolian kings over Pharnaces of Pontus in 181 BC.
Pharnaces thus abandoned all of his gains in the west. At its zenith, from 95 to 66 BC, Greater Armenia extended its rule over parts of the Caucasus and the area that is now eastern and central, north-western,, and, forming the second Armenian empire.
For a time, Armenia was one of the most powerful states east of Rome. It eventually confronted the in wars, which it lost in 66 BC, but nonetheless preserved its sovereignty. Tigranes continued to rule Armenia as an ally of Rome until his death in 55 BC. The and defeat of the King of Pontus by Roman resulted in the Kingdom of Armenia becoming an allied client state of Rome.
Later on, in 1 AD, Armenia came under full control until the establishment of the Armenian Arsacid dynasty. The then adopted a Western political, philosophical, and religious orientation. According to Strabo, around this time everyone in Armenia spoke 'the same language.'
Roman Armenia [ ]. The Roman Empire at its greatest extent, with the 'Roman Province of Armenia'. From ' campaign was, for the next few centuries, contested between Rome and Parthia/Sassanid Persia on the other hand. Roman emperor even created a short-lived Province of Armenia between 114–118 AD. Indeed, Roman supremacy was fully established by the of, that ended with a formal compromise: a Parthian prince of the line would henceforth sit on the Armenian throne, but his nomination had to be approved by the Roman emperor. Because this agreement was not respected by the Parthian Empire, in 114 from in Syria marched on Armenia and conquered the capital.